Critical Perspectives on Entrepreneurship by Caroline Essers & Pascal Dey & Deirdre Tedmanson & Karen Verduyn

Author:Caroline Essers & Pascal Dey & Deirdre Tedmanson & Karen Verduyn
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Routledge

The macrosphere

What distinguishes mixed embeddedness most clearly from previous explanatory theories in this field is its identification of the politico-legal regulatory environment as a key influence on the supply of migrant entrepreneurs. In Figure 8.1 this sphere of influence appears as the ‘macrosphere’, the outermost zone whose outer location expresses its role as the ultimate set of control mechanisms. As laid out by Esping-Andersen (1990), there are significant international variations in regulatory regimes, with a particularly sharp divide between the deregulated neoliberal regimes of the USA, UK and Australasia on the one hand, and the relatively tightly regulated regimes of mainland Europe on the other. Picking up on the way in which immigration and labour laws affect opportunities for migrant entrepreneurs, Kloosterman et al. (1999) propose a marked contrast between the favourable environment of Anglo-America and the barriers imposed by mainland Europe (for example, stronger employment legislation). This contrast is confirmed by many of the contributors to a later international collection (Kloosterman and Rath 2003). Certainly at the time of the latter’s publication, there were marked international leads and lags in the development of migrant business, with the UK’s immigrant heritage entrepreneurial population discernibly larger than that in most of its European neighbours. Even so, given that the above collection does not contain any genuine cross-border comparisons, we would suggest this as a fruitful direction for future research.

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